Black women faced racism in pursuing religious vocations, says speaker

IMAGE: CNS photo/Michael Alexander, Georgia Bulletin

By Andrew Nelson

ATLANTA
(CNS) — Black women desiring to serve a life devoted to the Catholic faith
were not welcomed by religious communities with anti-black acceptance
requirements from the early 19th century to the middle of the 20th century, said
historian Shannen Dee Williams.

Those who
could gain admittance faced discrimination from their fellow sisters, she
added.

“Black
sisters matter, but they constitute a dangerous memory for the church,” said Williams,
assistant professor of history at the University of Tennessee at Knoxville.

She was
joined by Sister Anita Baird, a Daughter of the Heart of Mary, and Sister Dawn
Tomaszewski, general superior of the Sisters of Providence, on an Aug. 12 panel
discussing racism in religious life at the assembly of the Leadership
Conference of Women Religious in Atlanta.

Williams
upcoming book is called “Subversive Habits: Black Nuns and the Long Struggle to
Desegregate Catholic America.” It was the subject of her doctoral dissertation
at Rutgers University.

Later,
scores of sisters walked from the LCWR assembly being held in the Hilton
Atlanta to Centennial Olympic Park to pray on the plaza outside the Center for
Civil and Human Rights, which is dedicated to the achievements of the U.S. civil
rights and worldwide human rights movements.

Earlier,
the participants wrote on slips of paper when they and their religious communities
have not welcomed people of color. The slips became a “chain of bondage,” which
was later broken after prayers of lamentation and a blessing.

Williams’
presentation was titled “Shattering the Silence: Black Women and the Challenge
of History.”

Raised
in Atlanta and a graduate of Agnes Scott College in Decatur, Williams said her
research proved a challenge to her faith at first, but later she was inspired
by the witness of women to remain a Catholic. She said her research can help
serve racial reconciliation since the first step toward reconciliation is
acknowledging the truth.

The
first black woman recognized as the leader of a religious community dates to the
first century. She was St. Iphigenia, a princess from east Africa who converted
to Christianity through the witness of St. Matthew, Williams said.

She is
not well known in the United States, but there are shrines to St. Iphigenia in
Brazil and Central America, she said, noting that the devotion was carried with
enslaved people from Africa to the Western Hemisphere as result of the slave
trade.

Looking
at early American history, religious congregations in the 19th century had a
test for accepting black women: if they could “pass for white,” she said. But
even if they were admitted, they faced discrimination, such as being forced to
take vows separately, she said.

These
women in religious life were put in subservient roles, as domestics to the
community, said Williams. They also could be cut off from their culture and
family if the congregation forbade visitors out of concern that family members
might look black, she said. Others pursued their vocation by traveling to
Europe to join religious communities that were more welcoming, she said.

African-American
women began to form their own religious communities. The first, started in 1829,
was the Oblate Sisters of Providence in Baltimore. About nine predominantly
black religious communities were formed by women who held fast to their faith,
she said.

These
orders faced bigotry when they taught black students in Catholic schools and faced
attacks from white Catholics, in addition to the Ku Klux Klan, she said.

At the
same time, they were highly regarded in the black community. W. E. B. Du Bois,
the noted civil rights activist and author, used photos of black Catholic sisters’
congregations to showcase the dignity of the black community at international
conventions, she said. And with the lack of black clergy, it was black Catholic
sisters who served as the spiritual leaders of the black Catholic community,
she said.

Barriers
did not begin to drop until the mid-20th century although archival records show
black women would enter the congregations and later leave congregations, in
part because of racist attitudes.

In
the civil rights era, the National Black Sisters’ Conference formed in 1968 out
of the turmoil of the times and the assassination of the Rev. Martin Luther
King Jr. Some 150 black women religious gathered at the time, and the
conference is still active with a similar number of members.

In
response to Williams’ remarks, which were met with a standing ovation, Sister Anita
said resolving the past will take “more than singing ‘Kumbaya’ and celebrating
Black History Month.” The history is a “moment of painful truth” and requires
women religious and congregations to listen to women of color and not just give
lip service to the effort, she said.

Sister
Tomaszewski said before reconciliation it is necessary to acknowledge the past
and become aware of congregations’ complicity with racism and discrimination.
“Nothing matters more,” she said.

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Nelson
is a staff reporter at The Georgia Bulletin, newspaper of the Archdiocese of
Atlanta.

– – –

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